UNIT TWO
The Unification of Italy
• Italy was a disunited Nation in the first half of the 19thcentury
• The Congress of Vienna was divided Italian States into the d/t States which ruled by varieties of States
1. Rome was under French control from the 1848-1871
2. Lombardy and Venetia were under the Austria domination
3. Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Sicily and Naples were under local rulers dominated by Austria
4. Papal State were under the Roman Catholic Church
5. Piedmont-Sardinia was service only as a center for Italian unification
Italian nationalists followed d/t approaches to unify Italy, but more succeed men were Cavour and Garibaldi
1. Giuseppe Mazzini organized force known as "Young Italy"
He wanted to united Italy through popular revolution, thus uprising in Sicily, but not successful
2. The Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
They wanted federation of all Italians State under the Papacy, but not successful
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi formed famous army called "Thousand" or "Red Shirt” in 1860
It called thousand due to 1000 volunteer army joined
Garibaldi freed and annexed Sicily and Naples with Piedmont under king Victor Emanuel II
4. The leading personal in the unification of Italy was Cavour
Cavour was became a prime minister of Piedmont Sardina in 1852
He believe that the unification of Italy could not be achieved before driving Austria from Italian
Cavour promised Nice and Savoy to Napoleon III of France for help to defeat Austria
To expel Austria, Cavour fighting in the Crimean War (1854-1856) on the side of Fr and Britain to against Russia and helping Turkey
in 1859, by aid of France, Cavour defeated Austria at battle of Magenta and Solferino, then Italy gained Lombardy
Cavour announced the annexation of the Papal State to the Piedmont Sardina
In 1860 Cavour freed Tuscany, Modena and Parma
In 1861 the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed at Turin except Rome and Venetia
Cavour betrayed what promised to Napoleon III, which bitterly Napoleon more and more
In the Austrio- Prussian of 1866, Italy restored Venetia at battle of Sadowa after crushed of Austria by Cavour and Bismarck
In the Franco- Prussian war of 1870-1871, Italy obtained Rome after defeated of France at battle of Sedan by Cavour
The unification of Italy was completed in 1870, however, not fully completed independent because Austria still ruled provinces of Italy like Trentino and Trieste
This demand became known as Italian "irredentism"(advocated to restoration the remaining States)
The first emperor united of Italy called Victor Emmanuel II (1848-1871)
The Unification of German
The ground for German unification was laid by two important developments in the 1800- 1850
1. The creation of German Confederation promoted closer ties among German States
2. Prussia formed a German Zollverein or Customs Union (tax on import and export) from the 1819- 1834
- Zollverein maintained free trade among German States by removing trade barriers
- It designed to isolated Austria from German by imposed high tariff or against non- members of German States
- Prussia was service as a nucleus for German unification
- William I became King of Prussia, while Bismarck as prime minister of Prussia
Otto von Bismarck said the great questions of our time will not by speeches and majority decisions, but by "Blood and Iron" to united German
Austria, Congress of Vienna and France were hindered the unification of German and Italians
France feared these States if they united would be powerful in Europe
Austria loose the occupied States of these Countries
The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of German and Italian States and organized them under the Austrian dominated
Steps taken by Bismarck to United German
1. Bismarck defeated Denmark in 1864 by aid of Austria and freed Schleswig and Holstein
- This war was known as the Danish War, which finished in the three month by victory of Bismarck
- Prussia restored Schleswig, while Austria gets Holstein for a few time
2. In the Austria- Prussia war of 1866, German regained Holstein at battle of Sadowa, which finished in Seven weeks
by victory of Prussia
3. In the Franco- Prussia War of 1870-1871, Prussia defeated France at battle of Sedan
- Southern German States freed and ended of the Second Empire of Napoleon III (1852-1870) in France
- Provinces of France, Alsace and Lorraine ceded to German at Frankfurt Treaty in 1871
- In 1871 a united German proclaimed at Versailles of France Palace
- William I became emperor of German, while Bismarck became as Chancellor of German (1870-1890)
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Causes
1. Socio- economic difference between South and North in USA
- The North and West USA were the center of capitalist, manufacture, industry and commerce
- The North were Free States, hired labor and had infrastructure
- The South was based on plantation agricultural, Slave State and used Slave labor
2. Antagonist on the abolition of Slave between South and North in USA
- The South maintained to preserve Slave, while the North wanted to abolish Slavery
3. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 as the 16th president of USA from 1860-1865
- Lincoln was the opponent of slavery, abolitionist view and democratic mind that feared the South of USA
The "Declaration of Independence" of Thomas Jefferson in 1776 State that “all men are created equal”. But Slaves were ruthless suppressed in South USA. Following Lincoln's election, Carolina State declared secession from the Union. In 1861, the eleven Slave owning States secede from USA and formed Confederated Southern States of America under the Jefferson Davis as president, which broke out civil war between Union (Northern) and Confederacy (Southern) became immediate cause of the Civil War. The American Civil War was begun fought between the abolitionists (Northern) and separatists (Southern). The South fought to preserve Slave and the Northern against to preserve the Union and abolish Slavery.
Abraham Lincoln issued two Proclaimed Law in 1863 to weak the Separatists States
1. Emancipation Proclamation Law
- Slave in South to be free in rebel held land of South and freed Slaves invited to served in Union army as officers
2. Homestead Law
-All citizens to own plots of land for personal use like for house and farming. These laws helped for the victory of Union on the Separatists. Southern defeated due to lack of resources, food, men power, weapons, medical and refused of reorganization by Britain and France
Consequences of the American Civil War
- On April 15, 1865 Abraham Lincoln was shot dead by an agent of Slave owners named John Wilkes Booth
- Slavery was abolished and the Southern was defeated
- Capitalism expanded in the USA very rapidly and the unity of American States were maintained
Nationalism (love of own Country)
The demand of national groups for independence States of their own is called nationalism
The Balkan States were Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzogovina, Greece and Macedonia was under the Turkey from the 15thc -20thc
The decline of Turkey and what was the future of Balkan regions were created the Eastern Question
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia stated that in 1853 "We have a sick man on our hands"( Turkey at hand to division)
The Britain, Austria and France against Russia's expansion and ambition to the South and SE Europe
Britain and Austria wanted existence of Turkey, while Russia wanted to division of Turkey to occupied Balkans because they have same ethnic called Slav People
- Britain to safeguard her empire in India and Mediterranean Sea
- Austria kept her empire which had great number of Slavs People and feared if Russia occupied Turkey may be dangerous for her empire
The two fighting nation in the Crimean War (1854-856) were Turkey and Russia
Britain, France, Austria and Italy were fought Russia to protect weaker of Turkey and for their own advantage.
Colonization of the Africa since 19thc
Europeans needed African's for raw materials and market for their finished goods (surplus product)
Factors that rushed Europeans as colonized Africa were the following
1. The opening of Suez Canal in 1869(12.5km)
-The Canal was built by French engineer called Ferdinand de Lesseps and Britain loan, w/c Egypt couldn’t returned
-Egyptian govt try to save the expenditure and return the loan of the Britain by cuts pay of arms, but this rise to crisis due to the solders of Egypt refused to cut their wages
-Egyptian nationalist led by Ahmed Urabi (Arab Pasha) defeated by British arm at battle of Tel- El Kabir in 1881
-Then Egypt became occupied and colonized by Britain in 1882
2. The involvement of German and Belgium
-Colonial competition between France, Britain and Portugal rise German
-The national interest hope of economic advantage forced German.
-King Leopold II of Belgium employed H.M. Stanley, the famous explorer to explore the Congo since 1876 and Congo became personal property of the Leopold II
The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
Representatives of the 14 Europeans including USA took part in the conference, but USA not colonized Africa
The two import resolution at Berlin conference were
1. How to partition Africa without going to war or through peaceful way
- The conference paved way as African colonized and legalized the scramble of Africa
2. Belgian able to get international recognition freedom of trade and Free State in the Congo
√ All Africans were colonized except Ethiopia, Liberia and Morocco until 1912
Some Africans were didn't well come and resisted Europeans
• Tanzanian resistance against the German colonialism called Maji Maji rebellion from 1905-1907
- The Magic turns rifle of German bullets into the water according to the leader of Rebellions
Samore Toure struggle against French in West Africa from 1882-1898
√ Factors for the failure of the of African resistance
- They were not united to challenge Europeans and Europeans signed deceptive treaty with Africans leaders
- The Europeans had modern firearms, trained, experienced and disciplined than of the Africa
The forms of the colonial administration
Indirect Rule (Britain Rule)
- Designed by Lord Frederick Lugard, that first practiced in Nigeria
- The Britain also used divide and Rule Policy
Direct Rule (French Rule)
- Formed by French colonial minister called Albert Sarrout
- The French believed in the policy of assimilation or association
- African copy culture, way of life and citizenship. French made Africans as denounced their culture
√ The Portugal, Spain, Belgium and Italy were followed direct rule
Effects of Colonialism in Africa
- Economy and culture of the Africans were destroyed
- Africans were lost their freedom, exploited and oppressed
- The Africans were disunited and forced to accept foreign culture and, etc.
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